Phenotypic Indicators and Managerial Factors Associated with Gastrointestinal Parasites in Native and Blended Goats in Semi-arid Areas of Central Tanzania

Abstract

Goats raised in semi-arid areas under traditional extensive systems are more susceptible to gastrointestinal parasitic (GIP) infestation due to poor management practices. A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2025 to identify phenotypic indicators and management factors associated with GIP among goat farmers in Mpwapwa District. A total of 110 farmers were randomly selected and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Additionally, 200 blood and faecal samples were collected for goat health assessments. The intensity of infestation was not affected by age, sex, breed, or physiological status of goats (p>0.05). PCV and BCS, and their interactions with log (FEC), were not statistically associated (p>0.05), indicating no difference in resilience between the two goat breeds. However, physiological status significantly influenced BCS  relative to FEC levels, whereas effects on PCV were not statistically significant. Gogo breed and female sex were 54% and 63% less likely to be infected than Blended and male sex, respectively (p<0.05). Goats housed in open shelters had 25.93 times greater odds of falling into a higher infestation category than those in sheds and barns. Daily sanitation was associated with a lower risk of severe infestation (p<0.05). Dry does showed a significant reduction in infestation levels, whereas lactating does had higher odds of infestation (p<0.05). For effective control of GIP, proper management practices and a breeding programme based on resilient genotypes are recommended. Further research targeting molecular genetic factors influencing GIP with larger sample sizes and longitudinal monitoring is emphasised